A typical Polish dwelling in the times of the Polish People's Republic. See how it used to be! A typical wedding in the People's Republic of Poland, or how people used to have fun at a traditional Polish wedding

 A typical Polish apartment in the times of the Polish People's Republic was above all so small that only basic furniture could be accommodated. These small apartments were often inhabited by parents with adult children, their spouses, and children. Miracles were made to somehow fit in such a small space, hence the fashion for wall units, half-walled furniture, and folding furniture. Find out how it used to be lived and how people in the People's Republic of Poland obtained their own apartments. The wedding in the People's Republic of Poland was similar to today. The difference was in the great difficulty of organizing food and alcohol. In a time when everything was lacking, there was a principle of "get it and put it up". The weddings were boisterous, the menu was so rich that the tables had to sway and the vodka was flowing. We present what a typical wedding in the People's Republic of Poland looked like, how people enjoyed themselves, what food, drink, and typical wedding parties looked like.

In the times of the People's Republic of Poland, ownership of flats was legally regulated in a completely different way than now. After the war, the forced management of premises in large cities was introduced, which in practice meant the nationalization of premises, as the owners had no right to find tenants on their own. Only privately owned tenements were nationalized, in whole or in part, but the local authorities had the right to freely dispose of the flats, which in practice meant adding people. Wealthy people who owned large pre-war apartments were particularly oppressed. In practice, if someone had a 5-room flat, he was left with 1 room, while other people were accommodated in the rest with the right to share the kitchen and bathroom. The owners of tenement houses faced particular problems. Officially, tenants were accommodated who paid low, official rates that did not cover the operating costs. As a result, the tenement houses fell into disrepair.

In 1945, the Bierut Decree nationalized the land in the city in Poland. The owners did not want to rebuild or renovate the houses on their land, and as a result, the reconstruction after the war ceased. Then the city undertook the reconstruction, charging the owners with the costs, and taking back the real estate if the owners could not cover the costs. As a result, 94% of the properties were taken from the owners.

Gomułka restored housing cooperatives and supported construction. However, the economy was focused on heavy industry, and the needs of the population were in the last place. The Gomułka period was characterized by economical and low-quality construction. Small apartments with low ceilings, dark kitchens, and even shared bathrooms for several apartments were built.

The Gierek era meant a huge increase in housing construction. The construction of the Soviet-type was abandoned, i.e. with a shared bathroom on the first floor. Municipal housing for the poorest was limited. High blocks of the slab were built, resulting in poor quality buildings with lots of faults. The blocks, staircases, and apartments were the same. It was then that the fashion for furnishing with wall units was created, which is part of the TOP 10 biggest embarrassments of the 90s.

In the times of the People's Republic of Poland, ownership of flats was legally regulated in a completely different way than now. After the war, the forced management of premises in large cities was introduced, which in practice meant the nationalization of premises, as the owners had no right to find tenants on their own. Only privately owned tenements were nationalized, in whole or in part, but the local authorities had the right to freely dispose of the flats, which in practice meant adding people. Wealthy people who owned large pre-war apartments were particularly oppressed. In practice, if someone had a 5-room flat, he was left with 1 room, while other people were accommodated in the rest with the right to share the kitchen and bathroom. The owners of tenement houses faced particular problems. Officially, tenants were accommodated who paid low, official rates that did not cover the operating costs. As a result, the tenement houses fell into disrepair.

In 1945, the Bierut Decree nationalized the land in the city in Poland. The owners did not want to rebuild or renovate the houses on their land, and as a result, the reconstruction after the war ceased. Then the city undertook the reconstruction, charging the owners with the costs, and taking back the real estate if the owners could not cover the costs. As a result, 94% of the properties were taken from the owners.

Gomułka restored housing cooperatives and supported construction. However, the economy was focused on heavy industry, and the needs of the population were in the last place. The Gomułka period was characterized by economical and low-quality construction. Small apartments with low ceilings, dark kitchens, and even shared bathrooms for several apartments were built.

The Gierek era meant a huge increase in housing construction. The construction of the Soviet-type was abandoned, i.e. with a shared bathroom on the first floor. Municipal housing for the poorest was limited. High blocks of the slab were built, resulting in poor quality buildings with lots of faults. The blocks, staircases, and apartments were the same. It was then that the fashion for furnishing with wall units was created, which is part of the TOP 10 biggest embarrassments of the 90s.

In the People's Republic of Poland, the lack of housing meant that young people lived with their parents for many years. Poles earned so little that it was not possible to buy a flat on the free market. From the times of Gomułka, the way to get an apartment was to join a cooperative or open a housing book. Due to the lack of flats, people had to wait a long time for a flat. Even with a raised contribution to the cooperative, one had to wait for an allocation of an apartment. This system led to degeneration, corruption and bribery. The flats were allocated from the top of the queue, which could last even several years. The ownership of such a flat was obtained after paying off the cooperative, which lasted for years.

Nowadays, young people rent an apartment either alone or in groups. It was impossible during the Polish People's Republic. The lack of housing particularly affected young people who lived with their parents even after their marriage. Married couples lived apart from time to time, he tells their parents. Two generations lived together in small apartments, which caused conflicts. Numerous jokes about terrible mother-in-law come from this time when young couples living together with their parents-in-law could not decide how they live and live.

Many houses and flats survived the war. However, the additional accommodation system meant that in large apartments, in each room of apartments, someone else shared one kitchen and bathroom. The layout of the pre-war flats, where there were long corridors leading to the rooms, favored the accommodation. The system of shared flats survived almost until the beginning of the 21st century, when many families managed to integrate pre-war flats, applying for a room for the dead.

Housing construction in the People's Republic of Poland was focused on the construction of economical, small apartments in order to obtain functionality in the smallest possible space. The flat for the family consisted of two rooms, one larger and one smaller, a small bathroom without a window, and a dark kitchen with a window onto the room. Space was saved, so instead of a long corridor leading to individual rooms, a microscopic hall with doors to all rooms was built.

A typical Polish apartment in the times of the Polish People's Republic had a common room, the so-called A "sitting room" where there was a TV set, and a small room was a bedroom. There was no separate room for children, so children's cult toys in the People's Republic of Poland were kept in a common room. When the children grew up, the functionality of the apartment was usually changed in such a way that the playroom was changed to the parents' room, and the small room became the room for older children, and later also the room of the second generation, when the young people started families and had nowhere to move out.

After the war, people equipped their apartments as much as possible. They often robbed old furniture in the ruins. Therefore, in the 1950s, solid wooden pre-war furniture reigned in the apartments. Tiled stoves were used for heating. Many pre-war apartments still had tiled coal-fired kitchens, which the inhabitants were gradually removing by installing gas cookers.

At that time, there was still the old custom of spending time together and eating dinner together. Therefore, initially typical apartments from the times of the Polish People's Republic had the so-called sitting room, where a large table was obligatory in the middle. When televisions became popular, the big table was moved aside or even thrown away. The equipment of the living room was occupied by a large sofa, where the family sat in front of the TV set. The fold-out sofas on which my parents slept at night were a hit. In front of the couch, there was a mandatory bench, i.e. a long, low table where you could put your tea and which did not cover the TV. A rectangular, patterned carpet was obligatory to furnish the room.

A typical Polish apartment from the times of the People's Republic of Poland was so small that the furniture could hardly fit into it. That is why the wall unit became a hit, which is now considered one of the greatest embarrassments of the Polish People's Republic. The Wall unit is a bookcase for the entire wall. Often such a bookcase was placed in the middle to divide the room into two parts for parents and children with their spouses and children.

The classic wall unit became popular in the '70s and '80s. It was a solution for a small apartment, not a design solution. It took up the entire wall, hence its name. It usually consisted of 3 floors:

• cupboards with a door at the bottom and top, where clothes, bedding, towels were kept,
• the middle part consisted of glass shelves or not, where tableware and glassware for Christmas dinner and books were kept,
• one of the wall shelves was intended for a TV set.

The wall unit became a hit and the pinnacle of Poles' dreams of that time. Contrary to appearances, the furniture was not difficult to access, although very expensive. This piece of furniture was so fashionable and functional that families were getting rid of classic pre-war solid wood antiques and replacing them with cheap chaff.

Wall units, or rather wall murals, were used in the 1970s and 1980s in adolescent rooms. The second room in a typical apartment was often so small that it could barely fit a bed. The solution was a half-wall, where part of the wall unit was occupied by a folding couch. At night, the couch was folded out to sleep. And for the day it was hidden in a wall unit. There was also a version with a folding table, which unfolded after folding the couch so that the child had a place to do homework.

A typical Polish apartment looked almost the same in every home: a wall unit on one wall, a sofa with a bench on the opposite, a carpet on the floor. Pictures were hung on the wall above the sofa, while the rest of the walls were covered with windows and a glass window to the kitchen.

The course of the wedding in the times of the People's Republic of Poland largely depended on the wealth of the parents and whether the wedding took place in the city or in the countryside. A Polish wedding in the city had a much more modest setting than a wedding in the countryside. On the other hand, a typical village wedding was an event that gathered the entire local community. Country weddings were so loud that they were remembered for years. They were usually held outdoors or in the largest room available, usually at the fire station. There were often fights, especially since you drank a lot, and Polish country weddings lasted for several days.

Weddings in the city were more modest because of the small apartments. Most often they took place at home, in the garden or on a plot. No one could afford a hotel, so visiting guests were placed with all possible relatives. Weddings organized in venues were rare. Even if it was possible to organize a wedding hall, the young families prepared the menu and decorations on their own.

It was only around the 1980s that the custom of organizing weddings on the premises became popular. The cost of such an event was much higher, but more guests could be invited, and cooking and then cleaning were avoided. At that time, gifts in the form of an envelope with money became more and more popular, part of which was used to pay off debts for wedding expenses.

Even then, there was a custom for very expensive gifts. They were supposed to help young people to develop themselves. There was no list of gifts then, it was not even proper to ask what gift would be desired. Therefore, after the wedding, it turned out that the bride and groom had several of the same irons, alarm clocks, coffee sets, and tablecloths.

In the times of the Polish People's Republic, civil marriage was obligatory in the Registry Office, and a church wedding was not of official importance. Average people, however, treated these things the other way around. Civil marriage was considered a necessary formality. It was not without a ceremonial setting, but it was kept to a minimum. The bride and groom performed in ceremonial wedding costumes and with flowers. The participants were usually only parents, witnesses, and colleagues. After the wedding, a festive dinner for the loved ones was held at the bride's house.

A church wedding followed by a wedding was especially solemn. The course of the church wedding and the wedding reception was similar to the current one. However, the focus was less on the visuals, but rather the wedding was treated as a family event where families from different neighborhoods could meet and have fun together. The closest friends were also invited to the wedding.

According to custom, the organization and costs of the wedding ceremony belonged to the bride's parents, and the groom's parents provided alcohol and music. This may seem like an unfair division. However, in terms of the amount and prices of alcohol, the costs were almost equal. We drank a lot during the wedding and subsequent after-parties. Full boxes of vodka bottles were brought to the wedding. TOP 5 alcohols from the times of the People's Republic of Poland appeared on the table, i.e. pure choice, clean table, rye soup, rowanberry, clean with a red card, etc. The amount of alcohol was not just a matter of fun, you had to stand up and impress with the number of drinks.

Toasts were raised every now and then and on every occasion: for the bride and groom, for parents, for guests, etc. In the times of the People's Republic of Poland, only a woman could refuse to drink alcohol. This was even in good tone if the woman had little or only dipped her mouth in the glass. The women were unable to drink. Getting drunk at a party often did not end well for a woman. On the other hand, men did not have to limit themselves, and even could not. Refusing to drink was treated almost as an insult, which is why at weddings lying drunk gentlemen or fights of drunk people were not uncommon.

The wedding menu depended on the region, but the rule was that there had to be so much food that the tables wavered. Meat dishes, fish, salads, and appetizers in the form of meats and herring prevailed. The sweet dishes were rather limited as the cakes are usually served last and by this time most of the participants were already too drunk to eat. At country weddings, where at least several dozen guests were invited, cooks were employed to cook food in huge pots, and local bakers prepared bread.

In the times of the Polish People's Republic, there was a custom of a wedding cake, which the bride and groom cut together. However, it was a symbolic, modest, and unnecessary custom. Nobody could afford a huge, multi-story cake. A large sheet of dough was simply baked so that there was enough for each guest.

The most difficult thing was to organize a menu for a wedding in a time of shortages in shops from the late 1970s to the liberation. They were prepared for months, standing in long lines for sugar, flour, etc. Alcohol was for cards, but it was also bought by non-drinkers so that it was a kind of exchangeable currency. At home, everyone had a collection of vodkas. These supplies were sufficient for a modest wedding in the city.

The current wedding costumes do not differ much from the costumes from the times of the Polish People's Republic. However, in those days, the outfits were dripping with artificial and shiny elements. Patent leather shoes were obligatory. The bride's dress was made of a non-crumple bistro. Costumes were often made to measure by a seamstress, and the bride received two dresses for a civil and church wedding. The wedding attire was complemented by a bouquet, in the times of the People's Republic of Poland it was obligatory with carnations and asparagus.

In the 40's and '50s wedding fashion had to be modest, unless somewhere else a pre-war dress from grandma was preserved. Wedding outfits began to develop more in the 1960s when short wedding dresses became fashionable. In the 1970s, long, ruffled dresses and long, loose hair, referring to the hippie fashion, returned. The secrets of the PRL make-up show similar trends, from the modest make-up of the post-war years, through the intense make-up of the 60s and hippie trends in the 70s, to the discreet make-up as it is today.

Apart from drinks, music was also the responsibility of the groom's family. At a wedding in the city, people were satisfied with music from a gramophone or tape recorder. However, at a village wedding, a hired music band was obligatory. Various games and competitions were organized for the guests, especially at country weddings, which lasted for several days. The music was quite traditional. Some people find it embarrassing to play the same hits, such as "They are already carrying me a dress with a veil" or "I have wonderful parents."

A typical Polish wedding had its course defined by tradition, although the observance of various rituals has long been declining. In the times of the Polish People's Republic, many of these rituals were still observed. After the wedding, the parents of the bride and groom welcomed them at home or in the wedding hall with bread and salt. The young people drank a glass of vodka, while the glasses were thrown behind each other so that they would break and no one drank from them anymore.

Shaving is an ancient wedding custom, which had its origins in historical times when a girl who entered the group of married women had her braids cut and a married woman's bonnet was put on. In the times of the People's Republic of Poland, the "Nitepines" had lost their old Polish character. They took place around midnight, when the bride took off her veil and, with her back to the guests, tossed her wedding bouquet backward. The unmarried girls tried to grab the bouquet as it was a sign of a quick marriage.

The traditional capitals were associated with games and races. The bride pretended that she did not want it, ran away, the guests chased her, etc. The remainder of this custom is wedding games and competitions.

After these games, the bride and groom thank their parents for their upbringing and give them gifts. They then change into more comfortable outfits and the fun continues.

Some people today consider these old rituals and traditional games to be embarrassing. Some of the TOP 10 biggest embarrassments of the 90s include such customs as 'okepin', thanking parents for raising, pouring wine into the bride's shoe and drinking it by the groom, or coarse chants. Some fertility-related wedding games can be a bit coarse and in bad taste.

Curse of the medieval castle in Niedzica - why is it haunting here?

 In Poland, we have a lot of places with dark legends. One of them is the Dunajec Castle in Niedzica - a medieval stronghold located on the right bank of the Czorsztyn Reservoir. What is the history of the castle? Why is the place said to be haunted? Check who lives in the walls of the Niedzica castle and see who to expect after dark.

The Dunajec Castle, which is located on the Czorsztyn Reservoir in the village of Niedzica-Zamek, was probably built around the 14th century. Previously, a defensive structure stood there, but a certain Kokosz Berzevicz transformed it into a beautiful, huge castle. According to historical records, the name of the castle "Dunajec" was used for the first time in 1325. Interestingly, the castle was once a Hungarian watchtower on the border with Poland.

The Dunajec River was passed from hand to hand for several hundred years. The owners of the castle were, among others the descendants of Rudiger from Tyrol, Emeryk Zapolya, Hieronim Łaski, and his son Albrecht, as well as Jerzy Horvath - to whom Olbracht sold the castle. Jerzy rebuilt the Dunajec and turned it into a truly Renaissance building, most of which is preserved to this day in this style. The castle was later leased by the Italian-Hungarian, pious Giovanelli family, who, however, did not care for the property as much as its previous owner. The Giovenellichs preferred to spend money on sacred buildings. When the Dunajec was close to destruction, the castle went to Andrzej Horvath, who rebuilt the castle and made Dunajec famous throughout Hungary. Later, the medieval building was taken over by the Salamons.

After World War I, the castle was already on the territory of Poland, but it was still the property of the Salamons. The last owner of the Dunajec was a countess Ilona Bethel Salamon, who left the castle in 1943. Then the entire castle was partially rebuilt and restored. Some parts of the Dunajec River have been made available to visitors, and in others, a creative workhouse of the Association of Art Historians has been created. Interestingly, after World War II, an Inca kipie was found in the castle, i.e. a certain type of information written in knotted letters. It probably contains information about the ... treasure hidden in the castle.

The castle in Niedzica is visited by a lot of tourists every year. However, not everyone knows that the medieval building is haunted. A curse was thrown at the castle long ago, which sometimes makes itself felt - especially after dark. It is said that there is a small crevice in the rock on which the Dunajec was built. It allegedly widens from year to year, which is to lead to the collapse of the castle. Who is responsible for the curse on the Dunajec River? A bad landlord who once ruled a castle.

At a time when the Tatars invaded the Pieniny Mountains, people tried to hide from them somewhere. One of the perfect hiding places was the castle in Niedzica. The unknown owner of the Dunajec, who reportedly ruled it for a very short time, was not in favor of hiding refugees in his estate. First, he was afraid of the Asian hordes that would destroy his possessions. Second, he didn't like strangers. One day a group of nuns from Stary Sącz came to the vicinity of the castle. One of them did not have the strength to wander for many hours. She crouched for a moment in the forest, losing sight of her companions after a while. The nuns went on and she stayed. The young nun was looking for a long way back from the great forest until she noticed the Dunajec Castle in the distance. The woman approached the building, hoping that someone would help her or stay overnight. She was desperately banging the knocker on the coarse door, begging someone to let her in. However, the ruler of the Niedzica castle was busy feasting with his friends. So he ordered the guards to chase the lost nun away.

There was a storm at night, one of the strongest in several decades. The nun's voice could be heard amidst the crackling of lightning and the ominous gusts of wind. It sounded as if someone were cursing ominously. Indeed, it was so. The nun, who was not allowed into the courtyard by the Niedzicki lord, cursed the lock. It proclaimed that the rock on which the Dunajec was erected would break soon. The Dunajec, standing on it, will fall down, taking all the people there with it. The next day, the inhabitants of the Niedzica stronghold noticed that a huge scratch had formed on the rock that no one had ever seen before. It is from that day that this depression supposedly grows bigger every year. Will it ever devour the castle with its beautiful towers and walls? Perhaps we will never find out.

Yet another legend has it that one day a mysterious Inca testament was found in the Niedzica castle. At the end of the 18th century, the Inca (descendants of Tupac Amaru) resided in the castle and in its vicinity and were adopted by the then-owner of the castle, Sebastian of the Berzevicz family. Part of the aristocracy who lived with the Incas hid in a stronghold (probably from the Spanish persecution). They allegedly hid in the Dunajec part of the treasure, which was intended to finance the uprising against Spain.

The owner of the castle took a Peruvian princess, one of the Tupac Amaru family, for his wife. The couple had a beautiful little daughter, Umina, who was stabbed to death in the castle several decades later for unclear reasons. Since then, her spirit has been wandering around the fortress in Niedzica, guarding the treasure hidden by the Incas. Is there any grain of truth in this story? Maybe. In front of the entrance to the castle, there is a sign warning against the ghost of Umina - the White Lady: "Attention, Ghosts". Some reportedly saw her strolling around the castle courtyard and walls in the evening, wearing a flowing white dress.

The castle in Niedzica hides many more secrets. One of the popular legends says that a certain Brunhild and Bolesław lived in the castle. The marriage, however, did not have a good reputation. The husband was arguing loudly with his wife all the time. Their quarrels were so frequent and noisy that other inhabitants of the castle decided to move the couple to a separate tower. Unfortunately, separating them did not help at all. One day, Bolesław, enraged by his wife's behavior, unexpectedly pushed Brunhilda out the window. At the bottom, there was a well into which a woman fell. Brunhild drowned in it, and only then did Bolesław realize that he had made the biggest mistake in his life.

The frightened man ran from the tower straight to the well. He leaned over to her but was unable to see his wife. He sobbed and begged Brunhild to forgive him. Every day he would come to the well, lean over it and cry out, "Forgive me, Brunhilda!" One afternoon, a man heard a voice from the well: "I forgive you, Bolesław the Bald!". The man was famous for having thick, thick hair. At first, Bolesław did not understand the words he heard from the well. When he woke up the next morning it turned out that his hair suddenly… had disappeared. According to the legend from Niedzica, every man who has something on his conscience and who says the name of his beloved at the well, will wake up the next day without hair on his head.

Bibliography:

L. Kajzer, J. Salm, S. Kołodziejski: Lexicon of castles in Poland, Arkady Publishing House, Warsaw 2001

Kidger Rebecca E .: Ghosts. Stories about haunted places and people, Rea Publishing House, Konstancin-Jeziorna 2012

Robert David Chase: The Visitation. True Stories, Replika Publishing House, Poznań 2019

Gospodarek Mikołaj: Bucket list Poland. 365 non-obvious places, Pascal Publishing House, Warsaw 2021

Józef Piłsudski - biography, governments, foreign policy, literary output, death, date, place, causes, consequences

 Józef Piłsudski still arouses many emotions today, and his biography would be enough for several people. He was born in a family with noble traditions, and he edited a magazine for workers. Initially, he was educated to be a doctor. He was a member and leader of the Polish Socialist Party. Literally in love with the army, despite the lack of any education in this field, he gave himself the title of the Marshal of Poland. Not always mourning a dictator is an expression of an authentic social reflex. In the case of Józef Piłsudski, however, we were dealing with real regret for the loss of a man who was placed on enormous hopes and whom he trusted enormously. On May 12, 1935, however, there was no marshal surrounded by a national myth. It was this legend that did not allow for a long time to write the whole truth about how he died.

The first information about the name of "Piłsudski" appears in the history of Lithuania in the 15th century. In 1413, Prince Ginet from the ducal Dowsprung dynasty appeared as an envoy at the congress in Horodło. In the mid-15th century, they changed their name, linking it with their Piłsudy estate. Józef Piłsudski's grandfather was (according to the Marshal's second wife, Aleksandra), Piotr Kazimierz Ignacy Piłsudski (according to his biographers, he was named Piotr Paweł; his date of birth is only 1795).

Józef Piłsudski's father, Józef Wincenty Piłsudski was born in 1833 (he died in 1902 in Saint Petersburg). During the January Uprising, he was the commissar of the insurgent government. He married his distant cousin, Maria née Billewicz. The spouses had twelve children.

In 1867, on December 5, Józef Klemens Piłsudski was born in Zułów - the property brought in as a dowry by his mother. He was the fourth child of his parents, he was called Ziuk at home. He lived there with his family for several years, when his father's inept management of the property and fire forced them to move to Vilnius in 1874. There, three years later, Józef and his older brother Bronisław began to study in a gymnasium. In order not to succumb to intense Russification, the brothers set up a club called Spójnia, under which they imported Polish books from Warsaw.

Maria Piłsudska died in 1884. A year later, Józef graduated from high school and started medical studies in Kharkiv. There he began his underground activity and was arrested for the first time for participating in a demonstration. In the spring of 1887, he was arrested on suspicion of preparing an attempt on the life of the tsar - he was sent to Siberia for five years.

After returning from Siberia in 1892, he became a member of the socialist movement. He started as a correspondent of one of the underground magazines. A year later, the young Polish Socialist Party involved him in the work of its Lithuanian section. Then he takes up the subject of the dominant Russification in Lithuania and accuses the Jews of this process. When in 1894 the Polish Socialist Party established the Central Workers' Committee, Józef Piłsudski became the editor-in-chief of the "Robotnik" magazine.

The Party also sent him as one of its representatives to the Congress of the Second International. Among the members of the PPS, he also met his first wife - Maria. They got married in 1899, and for the chosen one, the future marshal changed his religion to Evangelical-Augsburg. Together with his wife and her daughter from his first marriage, Wanda, he moved to Łódź (today there is a commemorative plaque on the tenement house in which he lived). In 1900 he was arrested again and held in various places for a year, but eventually managed to escape. After his return, he took decisive measures, thanks to which the weakened party could strengthen its position.

Taking advantage of the Russo-Japanese war and his increasingly important functions in the PPS, he went to Tokyo, where he tried to obtain the support of the local government for his independence plans. At the same time, Roman Dmowski was there as well, and for the same purpose, he was the representative of the National Democracy. This led to the emergence of a heterogeneous image of Poland in Japan and the refusal of activists to receive more serious support. Piłsudski, however, managed to establish cooperation with Kempeitai, the Japanese military police. Kempeitai paid cash for informing PPS members about the situation in Russia and allowed them to buy weapons.

Under the influence of the revolution in 1905, he organized the Fighting Organization of the PPS. After the internal crisis, he founded a new party called Polska Partia Socjalistyczna - Revolutionary Faction. Soon Józef Piłsudski began intelligence activities for Austria, directed against Russia. In 1908 in Lviv, he established the Union of Active Combat - an organization whose description of competencies made it possible to see in it the nucleus of the future Polish army. A few years later, Piłsudski also joined the Riflemen's Association or the Polish Rifle Teams. Waiting for the outbreak of the great war between the partitioning powers, he developed the topic of paramilitary organizations created in Galicia, which he planned to direct against Russia.

Piłsudski always saw Poland as the main enemy of Poland in Russia. He also did not trust the Germans. Therefore, when there was an opportunity to cooperate with the Austrian Empire, which agreed to create Polish military units, he took advantage of it. In this way, Polish legions were created in the fall of 1914. Piłsudski was the commander of the First Brigade there. His biography did not show any military preparation, therefore he was denied command of all divisions. On the other hand, he himself informed about the creation of a Secret Government in Warsaw, to which he obeyed, and which appointed him the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Army, which was an absolute lie.

However, he managed to secure for himself the most important thing for the commander: the faithfulness and devotion of many members of the legions who were ready to lay down their lives for him. After his resignation in 1916, he managed to convince some of his former subordinates not to swear allegiance to the German emperor in the following year - it was the so-called oath crisis. Piłsudski himself was soon arrested (July 22, 1917) and finally imprisoned in Magdeburg. At the time of his arrest, his first daughter was born (due to the relationship with his later wife - Aleksandra Szczerbińska), Wanda. When Piłsudski's biography "enriched" this arrest, the future marshal gained even more popularity over the last few years.

Piłsudski was released and on November 10, 1918, he returned to Warsaw. His most important task was now to ensure the development of independent Poland. The next day, he took over the functions of supremacy and command over the army, and on November 12 he began forming the government. After the end of this process, Józef Piłsudski appointed himself the Head of State, taking full supreme power in the country until the Legislative Seym was convened.

The appointed Seym, by the Act of February 20, 1919 (known as the Small Constitution), extended his powers of the Head of State. At the same time, Piłsudski, at the head of the army, began his expedition to Vilnius, which was the beginning of the Polish-Bolshevik war. The conflict that had grown since the end of the Great War, and the important elements of which were also the Kyiv expedition and the Battle of Warsaw, led to the settlement of disputes between Poland and Russia until 1939.

In March 1920, Józef Piłsudski created a new, highest military position for himself - the First Marshal of Poland. Although there was no strong legal basis for this, and he did not sew any additional functions and privileges in tandem with the office, the next marshal was appointed only three years later. The First Marshal himself withdrew from politics on December 14, 1922, handing over power to the newly elected first president of the country - Gabriel Narutowicz.

Since then, the marshal has been releasing subsequent functions. He withdrew with his wife and daughters to Sulejówek, where he focused on writing. Piłsudski's literary output was published in 10 volumes by the Józef Piłsudski Institute devoted to the Study of the Recent History of Poland as collective journals. It contains documents, letters, orders, as well as a description of more important events in the life of the marshal.

When, in July 1934, Krakow councilors adopted a resolution to designate Wzgórze Sowiniec as the Mound for them. Marshal Piłsudski, press mentions appeared in large numbers in the press. The news on this subject was also read by Major Mieczysław Lepecki, Józef Piłsudski's adjutant, who described the following:

“I put down the newspaper, my heart squeezed. They will gravitate to the Commander, I thought. How they poured out on Krak after death, how they poured out on Wanda and how they poured out on the head of Kościuszko. But why do they want to do it in his lifetime? Sad thoughts overwhelmed me. "

Piłsudski continued to observe the political situation in the country. By resigning from office, he believed that the citizens had matured to exercise power independently through their representatives. But the passing of time only made him believe he was wrong. Finally, in 1926, on May 12, the May Coup took place, as a result of which Piłsudski and his supporters came to power again. The introduced authoritarian system of government persisted in the country even after the Marshal's death.

The undeniable fact is that Józef Piłsudski was worshiped during his lifetime. The mound is one of many examples of honoring the marshal. Of course, apart from enthusiasts, there were also critics, led by supporters of national democracy, for whom, for example, Piłsudski's federal concept was a reason for criticism. Despite this, the person of the marshal moved from the world of living people to the world of national myth long before he died.

Józef Piłsudski was not one of those people who care about their health too much, it seems that he believed in the strength of his own will more than in medicine. Health problems were noticed as early as 1914 when tuberculosis was suspected and heart weakness was noted. Trips, short periods of rest, or escapes to Vilnius were not enough to repair health, which was constantly damaged by intensive work.

Stomach cancer attacks very quickly. It probably appeared in Piłsudski's body in the second half of 1934, and in the winter the pain, swelling of the legs, and considerable weakness made themselves felt.

In 1935, the health condition deteriorated rapidly, as can be seen in the photos from that period. It was caused by an illness accompanied by vomiting, and fasting, which the marshal considered a remedy, only aggravated the weakness.

The future Prime Minister of Great Britain, Anthony Eden, who visited Józef Piłsudski on his way back from Moscow, already had a man standing by the grave in front of him. After this visit, Józef Beck canceled all visits, and for the first time gave information about the marshal's tragic state of health.

In April, Professor Wenckenbach, a Viennese doctor, came to Warsaw to take care of the Marshal's health together with a group of Polish medics. The cancerous tumors were easily felt under the skin. The diagnosed liver cancer was a metastasis of gastric cancer.

Józef Piłsudski repeated that he was not afraid of death. The father of the federal concept still tried to be interested in foreign policy matters. In his sleep, he cursed and repeated the names of French politicians who led to the signing of the pact with the Soviets.

In the last days of his life, however, the marshal was also an optimist. He was entertained by films played from a portable camera, and good humor, jokes and chants were perceived as a positive sign.

Aleksander Hrynkiewicz, one of the adjutants, noted that "this mood of the Commandant shared with us, deceptively invading our souls, giving rise to hope for better, future days." We do not know to what extent it was a bluff of a man who wanted to cheer up a distressed environment.

We would like characters of this format to embrace disease and death in a fear-free manner. Such a picture emerges from the notes of Adjutant Lepecki, who wrote about the marshal: “Not once did he break down, even in half-conscious deliriums he did not call for help, did not show any trace of anxiety or weakness of spirit. He was walking towards His destiny as in the whole life, with a proudly held high head, withdrawn and calm. What would frighten and break others, did not distort the slightest trait of character in Him (...) He expressed himself cheerfully about everything and everyone, as in the days of health. The disease did not change his attitude towards matters and people in any way. The consciousness of mind still did not leave Him. "

Unfortunately, in the diary of the aforementioned Hrynkiewicz, the Marshal's last days are described in a very painful way. At times, Piłsudski lost touch with reality, even mistaking adults for his daughters. The most painful, however, seem to be curses directed at people around you. The head of the medical commission, General Stanisław Ruppert, was particularly hard hit and at every opportunity, but other people who looked after Piłsudski could count on a "good word": "You want to torture me with your constant care, you want to kill me, you losers ...".

Both descriptions are completely contradictory, but it should be remembered that they relate to two completely different people. The first was the mythical Józef Piłsudski, who "revived" Poland, so even on his deathbed he had to show superhuman qualities. It was this person that the mound was built in Krakow. The second was Józef Piłsudski, who had a human organism, a human fear of death, a choleric temperament, and a tendency to blunt language.

Therefore, admiring the brutal and vulgar words of the marshal, we must remember that the other side of the coin is, among other things, insults against people who undoubtedly worshiped him.

Four days before his death, he visited Wenckenbach again, his diagnosis leaving no room for optimism. On the evening of May 11, there was a hemorrhage. The next day, the Viennese doctor and priest Korśmieowicz, who gave him the last rites, were summoned to the Marshal, who was losing consciousness.

Józef Piłsudski's last moments were, in fact, a solemn matter, Hrynkiewicz, who did not create for the purposes of a myth, described in a very sublime way how the Marshal died:

“The commandant looks into space with his glassy and motionless eyes. As if he was reviewing his heroic and tragic life. He reveals some thoughts, some will with a weak movement of his hands, which were always so active and mobile during his lifetime and during his illness. The silence of the graves lies behind the room, the Commander's heavy breathing is only interrupted by the faint, muffled whistle of the air squeezing through the larynx, connected as if with the gurgling of some axis of fluid in the throat. As if with a gust of spring wind, life fled on its wings as a sign made for the last time by the Commander's hand. "

After a long fight with the disease, on May 12, 1935, Józef Piłsudski, the most important father of independent Poland, died at 8:45 PM, in the Belweder Palace on the ninth anniversary of his coup d'état. Piłsudski's death only strengthened the nation's cult of the Marshal, which has been strong for several years and continues to this day. His body was buried at Wawel, and the following year his heart was placed in his mother's coffin at the Vilnius Rossa.

Józef Piłsudski's funeral was a great patriotic demonstration. Almost everyone honored his memory. The public's reactions were genuine, which is not always the case after the death of a dictator. Stanisław Cat-Mackiewicz recalled that in his hometown of Vilnius, a city with which Józef Piłsudski was also connected, during the mourning of the marshal, not a single case of theft was reported.

It can be said that Piłsudski's federal concept was finally buried together with the Marshal's body. A sign of this was the Eastern and Western liturgical vestments belonging to the Catholic and Uniate clergy present in the funeral procession.

The death of the marshal is also the "date of birth" of the new Poland. Not only Piłsudski's teenage daughters were left without a father, but also the entire ruling camp. There was no longer the moral authority that was commonly believed could bring even the greatest mess to order. There was no "Grandfather" who would "frown and everything would be fine". The Marshal's grave is located at Wawel in Kraków.

Bibliography:

Garlicki A., Józef Piłsudski 1867-1935, Znak Horyzont, Krakow 2017

Piłsudska A., Memories, Novum Press and Publishing Institute, Warsaw 1989

Wójcik Z., Józef Piłsudski 1867 - 1935, Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM, Warsaw 2010 

Lepecki M., The Diary of Adjutant Marshal Piłsudski, PWN, Warsaw 1987.

Hrynkiewicz A., Journal of the adjutant of Marshal Józef Piłsudski, in: Zeszyty Historyczne, No. 85 (1988), Literary Institute, Paris 1988.

Cisek J., Józef Piłsudski, Świat Książki, Warsaw 2007.

Garlicki A., Józef Piłsudski 1867-1935, pub. Znak, Krakow 2012.

Zaremba, History of the 20th century (1918-1939), National Institute for them. Ossoliński, Wrocław 1991.

How does the Ouija board work? These are the rules governing the ghost summoning board

 An Ouija board is usually a board, board, or board that is imprinted with the letters of the alphabet and other distinguishing marks. Some believe that it is a spiritistic shield with which it is possible to summon spirits. How to use the board to summon the dead? What does the board look like and what can I do to make it really work? Is it true that certain rules must be followed in order to use them correctly? Here is the story of the Ouija board, thanks to which you will find answers to many bothering questions related to the board.

The plate can be produced both in the form of a board and a board, e.g. on a rubber cork or natural wood. The board should be flat, and there should be letters of the alphabet, a few words ("yes", "no", "goodbye"), numbers from 0 to 9 and symbols - usually the sun and moon, and sometimes others as well. graphics. The game is played with a small piece of wood or plastic shaped into a triangle or heart shape. It is a kind of indicator that will be used during the session to spell out messages conveyed by the ghost. The participant's task is to put their fingers on the pointer, which will then slide across the Ouija board to form the next words.

Formerly it was believed that spirits could contact the world of the living through this table. Almost until the end of the 19th century, mediums used the Ouija board to communicate with the dead. Elijah Bond, an American lawyer, and inventor introduced the plaque into commercial use in 1890. From that moment on, the Spiritual Shield is treated mainly as a party game, the purpose of which is not to evoke ghosts, but only innocent fun. Science has also denied rumors about the alleged real operation of the blackboard. Scientists believe that the Ouija board only works because spiritist participants intentionally (or unconsciously) move a pointer over it. Pity. Perhaps we could find out why the haunted house in Connecticut posed such a huge threat to its inhabitants. Perhaps we could even solve the mystery that is still hidden in the haunted house near Działdowo.

The first Ouija tablet is believed to have appeared in China around 1100. Its creation dates back to the Song dynasty, which ruled in China until 1279. The method of writing signs on the board was then referred to as fuji, and reading these signs from it was used to communicate with the world of the dead. Only the Quanzhen school, established in North China around 1170, had access to the practice of the technique of writing signs on the blackboard. It was not until the Manchurian Qing dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912, forbid the practice of such writing. However, a similar script was reportedly used also in Italy, Greece, or India, as well as in Europe (around the Middle Ages).

After the Civil War, the plaque became popular in the United States. It was to serve the survivors at the front so that they could communicate with their missing family through it. The plaque was later patented, as already mentioned, by Elijah Bond. He began selling the Ouija board as a party game, obtaining a patent for it in May 1890. This is why Elijah Bond is credited with being the inventor of the Ouija board. The inventor's employee, William Fuld, was in charge of producing the commercial board. Eleven years later, Fuld started producing his own boards and made them popular not only in the US but also around the world.

How was the Catholic Church handling the Ouija board? He has always criticized the way they are used, believing that the use of plaques is harmful and connected with divination. In the Federated States of Micronesia, the use of Ouija was banned, believing that the board was used to talk to the devil and not to the spirits of relatives who had died. Even today, some Christian religions oppose the use of spirit shields, believing them to be one of the world's most dangerous occult accessories.

Some believe that the Ouija board allows you to summon the spirits of the dead. Others are skeptical about it, believing it to be a simple scam. There are also people who are afraid of the blackboard and prefer to avoid such gadgets with a wide berth. If you are one of the people who believe in the operation of the board or think it can be fun to use, it will be helpful to learn about the rules that govern the Ouija board.

The board can be used by one person, but it is recommended that several people use it at the same time - the old rules indicate that playing Ouija alone can be very dangerous. Before the séance begins, the room should be adapted to the game - turning off the lights and lighting candles. To make the game even more effective, it is recommended to start playing with the blackboard in the evening. You also need to turn off all distracting sounds and conduct the session in a relatively quiet place. The board should be on the participants' lap or in the center of the table where everyone will be seated.

It is worth remembering that the place of play should not be the home of any of the participants, but a neutral place where no one lives. If nothing comes of this game for a few minutes, don't worry. Sometimes the ghost takes time to be heard. In the absence of any reaction from supernatural powers, it is recommended that you close the board and reopen it when you are ready for the next session. The most important thing to use an Ouija board is… patience. Or maybe you will also be interested in this article about the haunted house in Jaśkowice?

How do I use an Ouija board?

Try to speak to the ghosts in a calm voice and be friendly with them - you never know who is on the "other side". Don't ask difficult questions, rather the simplest ones, so as not to discourage the spirit from communicating (eg, "What's your name" or "How many ghosts am I talking to?"). It is worth adding that the symbol of the sun and moon on the board means a good spirit (sun) or a bad spirit (moon). If you come across an evil spirit, say goodbye to him and thank him for the conversation. Also, be sure not to ask the spirits complicated questions and not to ask them to give a physical sign to prove they're present. This way you can bring a lot of misfortune - of course, provided that you believe in the operation of the board. To safely end a session, always move the pointer to the formula "goodbye" and say goodbye to the ghost.

Only one person should ask questions of the dead in order to avoid unnecessary chaos during a spiritist session. Before the screening, you should also prepare a greeting so that the invited spirit knows that only positive energy and joy prevails around - this will discourage evil spirits from visiting the world of the living. Want to talk to a specific deceased? Prepare an item that belonged to that person and was especially important to him. There is a good chance that you will be able to talk to this man's ghost. If you want to hear better answers from ghosts, be respectful and take the game seriously during the screening.

Also, observe how the pointer will move. If the clue counts down from the smallest to the largest number, or from the beginning to the end of the alphabet, it may be a sign that the ghost is trying to escape. You should then stop the session by switching the pointer to "goodbye". The most important thing is to end each session in this way - saying goodbye to the ghost. It is very important if you want to safely end a spirit session without leaving the door open for evil spirits. Some of them may regard the failure to say goodbye as an invitation to the world of the living. Provided, of course, if you believe in the power of the Ouija board at all. However, even though you do not believe in its power, it is always better to follow the rules that govern the tablet. Yes, just to be sure.

Bibliography:

Kidger Rebecca E .: Ghosts. Stories about haunted places and people, Rea Publishing House, Konstancin-Jeziorna 2012

Robert David Chase: The Visitation. True Stories, Replika Publishing House, Poznań 2019

Ideas for Halloween

 Halloween is an American holiday that left its home continent a long time ago and sailed across the ocean towards Europe. Today, it is eagerly celebrated not only by Americans but also by the British. In other countries, they are treated differently. 

Fun and Halloween games for adults

What does it matter how old you are? Nobody will forbid you to play. From time immemorial, I have adhered to the principle that Halloween is the perfect occasion to awaken your inner child, or rather the spirit. (Child's spirit?) Although it is not appropriate for a twenty, thirty, or more year old to go around the house asking for Halloween sweets, there is a way around this problem nonetheless.

Halloween for adults can be arranged at home, just like I did a few years ago. It is worth looking for volunteers among your closest friends, school friends, and colleagues. Who knows how many of them have had numerous Halloween parties behind them? Games for adults are organized sober or assisted - if you prefer. Noteworthy is the project of horror films, quizzes checking the knowledge of horror themes, thrilling puns, shows of horror recordings on VR glasses (it's just a big deal!).

If it is not possible to organize a party at home, Halloween fun for adults can be moved to a club or bar, but necessarily decorated with the celebration of ghosts in mind. The basic premise: everyone goes out dressed and painted!

Halloween fun for kids

Perhaps the easiest way to organize Halloween games for kids is that kids need the least to be happy. Some scary decorations, good company, tasty Halloween sweets and that's how it flies. However, keep in mind that Halloween ideas for kids cannot be too scary (in the case of Halloween for adults, this is the basic rule). Instead of monsters melted in blood, it is better to reach for happy ghosts and fairy-tale motifs (Kacper ghost, Scooby-Doo, etc.), unless you have excess cash and do not mind taking the kids on Mondays in English, on Wednesdays for horse riding and on Fridays to psychological therapy.

So the bottom line: Happy Halloween. Games for children may be based on competitions and contests. Catching apples from a bowl of red juice with your teeth, drawing colorful monsters straight from Monsters and Co., coming up with scary-funny names for creatures prepared by parents in pictures. Other Halloween fun for independent age kids, of course, is going around the house, picking up sweets, and playing pranks on people who aren't eager to share their goodies. (Instead of smearing the handle with disgusting, it's better to wrap the toilet paper around it.)

Halloween games for kids can also be educational. Depending on their age, they will be fascinated by stories about real witches (herbalists), secrets of castles, regional legends, and myths. On Halloween, games for children will also help to spread tolerance and openness towards other cultures. They constitute the beginning of a discussion: it is like this with us, it is different abroad, and we have this and that in common.

Halloween games for teenagers

Ah, it's Halloween! The youngest and the eldest, but also the middle-aged - young people crave games. This is a specific age when minors think that they are allowed to do everything, and by the way, they are immortal and omnipotent, although, in reality, they are subject to their parents only slightly less than five-year-olds. (Hue Hue Hue). For this reason, official Halloween games for teenagers do not include alcohol or other stimulants and are calm, polite, and cultured. Unofficially, what the eyes cannot see, the heart does not regret.

On Halloween, it's still good for teenagers to go home and collect Halloween sweets. Unfortunately, having a party at home, especially under the watchful eye of parents, is unlikely to be attractive. It is best to arrange an event organized for minors or rent a cottage in the middle of the forest if the youth is sixteen years old and above. Halloween fun for teenagers in the forest with flashlights is a bomb! A marathon of horrors in the wilderness will be no less fun.

Fun and games for Halloween at home

Illness, bad weather, a house booed, extreme introversion, or other rudeness from the world/life/fate/anything - there are many reasons to spend the feast of ghosts in the apartment. Luckily, you don't have to go around the houses and pick up sweets to enjoy the October 31st satisfaction. As you may have noticed, the Halloween games mentioned so far take place primarily at home. Halloween games at home also include hide and seek (if only in the old house!), Games on the console and computer (especially in multiplayer mode), summoning ghosts with a candle and an amateurish ouija board, tarot card fortune telling, board games for Halloween.

Involve the older generation into Halloween games at home, especially grandparents and great-grandparents. They are a treasury of knowledge! People at the end of their lives are chests full of treasures. Just ask the right question and you will know the biggest secrets about the places where you live, walk, shop or do other mundane activities, not knowing that there was a cemetery, a psychiatric hospital, a mysteriously closed orphanage, or another wonderfully spooky place.

Or maybe classic Halloween dance games to the beat of such songs as Michael Jackson's Thriller or Somebody's Watching Me Rockwell? As part of the Halloween party fun at home, you also have to organize a screening of the film-music video Ghosts, screenplay by Michael Jackson, directed by Stan Winston.

Halloween games online

What about people who live in another city or country, suffer from a nasty viral disease, or prefer an introverted way of spending time with friends? Online contacts, fun, and Halloween games will do the trick! You can indulge in terrible pleasures alone or in a group, e.g. via webcams. Of course, nothing prevents you from meeting life and implementing the Internet Halloween games and games proposed here together.

How to conduct an exciting online Halloween? Games and fun ideal for such an occasion are, for example, reading mysterious deaths (you will find a lot of Polish and foreign blogs devoted to them), reading, listening or watching YouTube videos about fashionable true crimes, listening to creepypasta, necessarily in the dark or with candles, listening to podcasts about chilling events from the past and more, arranging themed movie marathons, playing online single or multiplayer games recommended for Halloween, chatting with friends.

Prank Ideas - Halloween

Halloween prank ideas can be either not very sympathetic to people who don't want to participate in the ghost celebration, or neutral. The unpleasant ones include smearing the door handle or door with a mixture of everything you find in the refrigerator, throwing eggs at the house, blocking or gluing a keyhole, scratching property, shaving a dog in the garden, hanging a sticker with an unpleasant slogan on the door. I do not recommend these methods.

Less invasive, recommended ideas for Halloween pranks include tying the door handle with the cheapest gray toilet paper, leaving a note from evil spirits, stuffing the mailbox with newspapers, shouting a scary poem, leaving a broken fruit on the doormat.

Halloween Pumpkin Ideas

There is no Halloween without the basic symbols. One of them, of course, is the hard orange vegetable, which is stripped of its delicious entrails and turned into a lantern. (The guts will do the job in the kitchen.) Halloween pumpkins ideas in huge numbers can be found on the Internet, but it's nice to be inspired by a lantern spotted in your favorite movie or series. Note, however! Halloween pumpkin ideas can deprive the daredevil of the fingers that, unfortunately, do not grow back. If you have never had fun with cutting patterns before, it is better to ask an experienced person for help.

P.S. Finding a pattern, carving out a pumpkin, and decorating a house is a kind of game. So you can start Halloween by working together with your friends. (Keep in mind that it takes some time to cut a pumpkin.) The game will win with a lantern that each person will take home.

Halloween decorations - ideas

As Halloween approaches, it's a good idea to have your party ideas more or less thought out. How you decorate your home depends on the theme of the game. Standard decorations are artificial cobwebs, spiders, snakes, toads, bats, black cats. From characters: skeletons, witches, ghosts, vampires, zombies, werewolves, corpses, sorcerers. Items: books, glass balls, knives, and other cleavers, pistols and all kinds of weapons, various magic amulets, wooden pegs and items used to kill monsters, coffins, urns, and everything related to death. In addition, it is worth dropping the cut-off part of the body here and there, so that the guests will be positively scared when they come across them.

What other Halloween decorations? Noteworthy ideas include sheets, black curtains, tablecloths, and loose materials, metal cups and cauldrons instead of tableware, a chest in place of the table, a red mouline hanging in the door so that everyone has to rub against it, candles instead of candles, lanterns instead of lamps, mirrors hidden or brought to one room, smoke (e.g. from incense sticks or shisha), looped sounds from a castle, forest, horror.

Halloween Ideas: Food

Man does not live by decorations alone. Anyway, Halloween food ideas are also a kind of decoration. This field is dominated by dishes and drinks with dark, monstrous aesthetics. I recommend all red juices, orangeades, punches, and wines to drink. Additionally, you can throw in them eyeball-shaped jellies, which will float carelessly on the surface. Dark drinks are also recommended: cola, blackcurrant or blueberry juice, maybe something grape. Use the consistency of the homemade compote!

Halloween food ideas include black chocolate cakes (with an optional almond or coconut skeleton), zombie sticks, ghost and monster cookies (you can find molds in stores before Halloween), cupcakes decorated with scary ornaments, sandwiches, and toasts with monstrous faces. chocolate figures, meringue ghosts, and various pumpkin variations.

Perfect sweets for Halloween

The best Halloween sweets to decorate your home are undoubtedly the ones made for the celebration of ghosts, and therefore thematic. In addition, jelly-worms stuck in a cake or chocolate dessert, jelly-jaws, chocolate figures, Monster Munch crisps, ice cream, and desserts with a thick red coating, chocolate pastries will work. When you prepare Halloween decorations, put the sweets in cauldrons, coffins, laboratory vessels, boxes, and other original containers.

Candies work well for Halloween, especially at a children's party. They are easy to pick up and do not interfere with the fun. In addition, all small sweets are perfect Halloween sweets to give to ghosts walking around houses. Thanks to them, you will not spend a lot of money on fees for the lack of pranks on the part of party people, and you will also take part in the holiday yourself. Such Halloween sweets are not only candies but also miniature packages of jelly beans available as part of collective packages.

Halloween Ideas: Costumes

So the house is already decorated, food prepared for Halloween. Your disguise ideas will come to your mind in the meantime. If you celebrate with your partner, set a common theme - it will be more fun. The simplest and least demanding disguises include black and white blouses, pants, accessories. However, it is worth doing something more, especially if you are brave. A trip to a second-hand shop will make your Halloween outfit ideas come true without fear of damaging your clothes. Black or red paint on white fabric? Cut or torn fragments? Made-to-measure items? Why not!

I don't really like the idea that Halloween outfit ideas are sexy. Since it's a ghost festival, the disguise should be scary. I prefer a zombie, witch, or monster, not a cheerleader, star, or fairy tale character. In addition, I prefer non-ideal Halloween costumes made by myself, e.g. based on luxury ones, then rented or purchased.

Halloween Ideas: Makeup

Once you've figured out your disguise, it's time for some Halloween ideas: makeup! Of course, you will paint your face to match it with the rest. I recommend buying a cheap eyeshadow palette with a large number of colors, possibly crayons or face paints for children. Flour works well as a white color, although it drops over time and there is not much left of it at the end of the party. Plus lipsticks, eyeliners, stickers.

Ambitious Halloween makeup ideas include the use of silicone and various masses. For example, my Halloween makeup a few years ago was based on green-gray flakes of skin peeling off my face, made of liquid latex (it was, of course, zombie makeup). An alternative is to use soaked wipes attached to the skin with glue.

Other Halloween face painting ideas involve the use of fake blood (liquid or spray), wax, charcoal (or black eyeshadow). Ready-made accessories include wigs, stick-on wounds and scars, vampire teeth, and glued-on werewolf hair.

How are you used to and/or plan to celebrate Halloween this year?

Wyniki tłumaczeniaHalloween games for teenagers Ah, it's Halloween! The youngest and the eldest, but also the middle-aged - young people crave games. This is a specific age when minors think that they are allowed to do everything, and by the way they are immortal and omnipotent, although in reality they are subject to their parents only slightly less than five-year-olds. (Hue Hue Hue). For this reason, official Halloween games for teenagers do not include alcohol or other stimulants and are calm, polite, and cultured. Unofficially, what the eyes cannot see, the heart does not regret. On Halloween, it's still good for teenagers to go home and collect Halloween sweets. Unfortunately, having a party at home, especially under the watchful eye of parents, is unlikely to be attractive. It is best to arrange an event organized for minors, or rent a cottage in the middle of the forest, if the youth are sixteen years old and above. Halloween fun for teenagers in the forest with flashlights is a bomb! A marathon of horrors in the wilderness will be no less fun. Fun and games for Halloween at home Illness, bad weather, a house booed, extreme introversion or other rudeness from the world / life / fate / anything - there are many reasons to spend the feast of ghosts in the apartment. Luckily, you don't have to go around the houses and pick up sweets to enjoy the October 31st satisfaction. As you may have noticed, the Halloween games mentioned so far take place primarily at home. Halloween games at home also include hide and seek (if only in the old house!), Games on the console and computer (especially in multiplayer mode), summoning ghosts with a candle and an amateurish ouija board, tarot card fortune telling, board games for Halloween. Involve the older generation into Halloween games at home, especially grandparents and great-grandparents. They are a treasury of knowledge! People at the end of their lives are chests full of treasures. Just ask the right question and you will know the biggest secrets about the places where you live, walk, shop or do other mundane activities, not knowing that there was a cemetery, a psychiatric hospital, a mysteriously closed orphanage or other wonderfully spooky place. Or maybe classic Halloween dance games to the beat of such songs as Michael Jackson's Thriller or Somebody's Watching Me Rockwell? As part of the Halloween party fun at home, you also have to organize a screening of the film-music video Ghosts, screenplay by Michael Jackson, directed by Stan Winston

The most haunted place in Krakow - the house on Kosocicka Street

 There are many deserted, creepy buildings on the map of Poland. One of them was once a house at Kosocicka Street in Krakow, which for many years was considered haunted. Is it because of the frightening inscriptions on the shabby walls? Or maybe the legends that circled the building? How much truth is there in the story that the locals have passed on to each other over the years? See the most haunted place in Krakow, which was supposedly the spooky house on Kosocicka Street.

On the outskirts of Krakow, and more precisely in the vicinity of Wieliczka, there used to be an abandoned, sinister-looking building. Residents told each other that this was where strange, inexplicable stories had happened over the years. All thanks to the legend of the house, which is not the most cheerful. There are many different theories around the building's dark aura, but each one relates to the terrifying events that allegedly took place there. It is difficult to verify which one is true. It is known, however, that something very bad happened in the house on Kosocicka Street.

There was also a small chapel on the plot where a haunted house once stood. It was probably the remains of the 19th-century cholera victims cemetery. Some say, however, that the chapel was built for completely different, unclear reasons. The story of the cursed building and the land on which the house stood began much earlier, however. In the 1970s, two brothers built a house on Kosocicka Street and a small greenhouse. It is said that the brothers quarreled with each other - allegedly arguing about a 16th-century treasure that they did not want to share. Unexpectedly, one brother murdered the other and then committed suicide. The ghosts of the brothers are said to live forever in the unfinished house, making themselves known every day to whoever looked inside the building.

It is known that similar tragedies take place every day. In Poland, you can find much darker stories of this type, as well as places shrouded in bad legends. The house at Kosocicka, however, attracted extremely evil powers. Inexplicable things were happening around the building all the time. Successive owners of the house disappeared under mysterious circumstances, and some visitors to the place a few days later… died.

When the information about the haunted house in Krakow surfaced to the media, the place began to be visited by crowds of tourists eager for extreme experiences. Some daredevils even dared to look inside the building. Those who penetrated the place inside said that they found strange altars inside, as well as devotional articles scattered around the ruins of the house. The walls inside were decorated with terrifying inscriptions that made even the brave shivers down the spine. The inhabitants of Krakow told tourists that two workers who were building a nearby road decided to spend the night at Kosocicka Street. The men, however, did not stay there too long - they fled in the morning, suffering a sudden panic attack.

The haunted house at Kosocicka Street has fired the imaginations of both inhabitants and travelers from Poland for many years. Those who managed to visit the house from the inside said that the house was truly haunted. Was it the effect of empty, dingy nooks and crannies of the building? Or maybe ropes hanging inside that suggested the worst? Well, unless they were hand-painted signs like "there will be more victims" or "I saw a ghost here"? Or maybe the result of a mysterious story that has not yet been confirmed by reliable historical sources? We'll probably never find out. All we know is that the house was once the biggest paranormal puzzle in the vicinity of Krakow.

It's hard to explain what really happened in the house at Kosocicka Street. Most sources indicate a fratricidal fight and suicide, as well as burying victims of the 19th-century cholera epidemic in this place. In 2016, the three-story building was razed to the ground, and with it the entire mystery of the walls of the haunted house was buried. Did the demolition of the building stop the ghosts allegedly circling around Kosocicka? In order to find the answer to this question, it will be worth coming to Krakow and seeing it for yourself.

There are a lot of places of this type that chill your blood in your veins in Poland. Oddly enough, many of them are located in the vicinity of Krakow. The building in Wieliczka at Dobczycka Street is just as mysterious as the house at Kosocicka. Apparently, a man who performed illegal abortions lived there. Then he burnt the fetuses in a huge bread oven, fragments of which could be found in the corner of one of the rooms. There is also an abandoned house in Głogoczów near Kraków, where a couple used to live. The husband abused his wife both physically and mentally. A man who had a psychopathic tendency one day killed his wife and married a younger woman, forgetting the case. The wife's ghost was said to haunt the house every day, wandering around it.

Another building was built in Kraków at Witkowicka Street. It was the only home on the so-called Łysa Góra. Residents believe that the first owner of the house was found dead in a ditch by the road - someone allegedly shot him. The house changed hands, but inexplicable things were happening all the time. One of the owners of the house at Witkowicka hanged herself in the barn, which made it difficult to sell the house to another family later.

The inhabitants of Krakow believe that the forest in Witkowice is a place even more haunted than the house on Kosocicka Street. In 2001, nine students went missing, who went to the forest to celebrate the beginning of the academic year. Nobody has ever solved the mystery of the disappearance of young people.

A few months later, a camera with a film with photos was found at the site of the event. After developing them, it turned out that in the photos no participants of the game resembled themselves. They all had strangely distorted faces, and the forest in Witkowice did not resemble the one well known to the inhabitants of Krakow. The students never came home again

.Bibliography:

1. Kidger Rebecca E .: Ghosts. Stories about haunted places and people, Rea Publishing House, Konstancin-Jeziorna 2012

2. Robert David Chase: The Visitation. True Stories, Replika Publishing House, Poznań 2019

6 scary places in and around Krakow

 If you like to be afraid, I have something for you! After reading these stories, you will not sleep well anymore.

1. FOREST IN WITKOWICE

A small forest located on the outskirts of Krakow, in the former village of Witkowice, became infamous in 2001. The Krakow story beats the head with the one from the movie "Blair Witch Project". Strange phenomena in this area had been talked about for many years, and local residents kept to the cursed place at a distance.

According to the legend, in October 2001 a group of students decided to celebrate the beginning of the academic year there. However, the event ended tragically - all participants disappeared without a trace. Strange phenomena continue there to this day. In May 2015, a channel appeared on YouTube with only one movie entitled "Dziwny Las Witkowice". Apparently, its author found a medium with "strange materials" about events from years ago.

There are also stories of people related to missing students circulating on the web. Here is one of them:

"After six months (since the disappearance) we lost hope ... So we went to this forest for the last time to drink a few beers for our missing friend. However, during this trip something very unexpected happened ... At one point we saw in We came closer and we were surprised to see a ray of sunlight reflected in the camera lens. (...) understand what we saw there. The photos show the missing students, along with our friend. "

2. HOUSE ON KOSOCIŃSKA STREET, WHICH IS NO LONGER AVAILABLE

A three-story block-like building that was fully built in the seventies. Until now, it is one of the most mentioned ghost-haunted buildings. An urban legend tells of two brothers who built it for their families.

During construction, the brothers quarreled and a brutal murder occurred. Another version says that it was only a fight, and one of the brothers, under the influence of emotions, committed suicide in front of his family. The construction was never completed, and for years, strange whispers and children's crying were heard in the abandoned house. People who stayed in it, regardless of the time of day, felt the presence of a hostile being and had the impression that someone was watching them. The house is said to have had several potential buyers who quickly gave up and fled in panic. In May 2015, the house was demolished. The nearby chapel is still there today. Apparently, the ghosts from the house moved to her.

3. A HIDDEN ROAD

From time to time, the County Police Headquarters in Mielec receives reports from drivers who found an injured child on the road on the voivodeship road No. 875, near the town of Biesiadka. The scenario is always the same.

A bloodied girl stops the car and asks for help. Then it suddenly disappears. The driver gets out of the car and tries to find the child who probably escaped into the forest in post-traumatic shock. He calls the Police and Ambulance Service, the services appear on the spot, but each time the police search operation ends in a fiasco.

The provincial road No. 875 between Mielec, Kolbuszowa, Sokołów Małopolski, and Leżajsk was infamous when three men were killed in a car crash a few years ago. To this day, there are three metal crosses in the Biesiadka, in the vicinity of which the ghost of a bloodied girl circulates - depending on the circumstances, with or without a rosary in her hand. Apparently, a few times the girl got into the back seat of the car and asked to be taken to her mother. But there was no reflection of it in the rearview mirror.

4. VILLA IN WIELICZKA

A one-story brick building, covered with a gable roof, most probably dates from the first half of the 20th century. Inside, numerous traces of fire were visible, and at night you could hear the crying and terrifying screams of children.

As in the case of the house in Kosocińska, several attempts were unsuccessful in selling the building, and then it was demolished some time ago. The macabre history of the villa on Dobczycka Street in Wieliczka is known throughout the area. It is said that a man who performed illegal abortions at home and burned his fetuses in an oven, lived here.

5. HOUSE IN GŁOGOCZÓW

Głogoczów is a small village located about twenty kilometers from the center of Krakow, in the Myślenice. It was here that terrifying events took place, which even attracted the attention of the program "Nie Do Wiary"("Can't Believe").

The haunted house is off the beaten track and doesn't even have a proper access road. It was here many years ago that a married couple lived, who were doing very badly. The psychopath's husband beat and abused his wife, and abused her until she died. Neighbors did not respond to her screams and pleas for help.

After the woman's death, her husband sold the house and left for the unknown. However, a few more owners did not stay there for long. One of them left two dogs in it for the night. When he returned, he found them in the living room, mutilated, skinned with their insides cut out. Local residents avoid this place with a wide berth because after dark you can hear dogs howling and terrifying pleas for help.

6. WHITE ROCK IN JERZMANÓW

We mentioned the last of the scary places in the UFO article. This time it is associated more with the activities of extraterrestrial civilizations than a classic place haunted by ghosts, but the story is intriguing nonetheless. Thursday, January 14, 1993, passed very uneasily: the ferry "Jan Heweliusz" sank in the Baltic Sea, and the volcano Galeras erupted in Colombia.

A little before 7.00 p.m., a terrible flash lit up the vicinity of Jerzmanów. It was so strong that it surprised tourists walking around the Main Square in Krakow. Immediately after that, two glowing spheres appeared near the rock, moving at a dizzying pace. Suddenly, a hail of limestone fell on the area. They smashed windows, broke trees, and broke traction. Oddly enough, everything that was plugged in immediately exploded or burned (even devices that were not turned on). Even unlit lamps shot out with fire.

Another amazing phenomenon was the fires of St. Elma, which appeared on the edges of metal objects. Despite their efforts, scientists have not yet managed to fully explain the nature of the event, known as the Jerzmanowicki Incident. However, to this day, from time to time local residents observe strange lights in this area.

A terrible history of Krakow and Poland according to guides

 Will foreign tourists who visit Krakow find out that they have come to a city founded by the Germans, which after years of stagnation, was lifted by the Austrians, and where anti-Semitic inscriptions "Jude raus" can be seen at every step on the walls?

Krakow guides, who are fighting to prevent their profession from being open to all, have decided to provoke. As Minister Jarosław Gowin is not convinced that the image of Poland may suffer from the fact that foreign guides repeat the stereotypes about Poles, they decided to use the example of a trip around Krakow to show what the deregulation is at stake.

While standing in the Market Square near St.Mary's Church, a German guide could say to his group: "In the Middle Ages, Krakow, devastated by the Tartar invasions, was rebuilt under German law and German settlers were brought in. They built, among other things, this magnificent Marienkirche, in which the famous altar was carved by the brilliant German artist Wit Stwosz. Today it is in a deplorable condition! ".

If the same group later went to the Barbican and looked towards Matejko Square surrounded by magnificent 19th-century buildings, they would hear another part of the city's history: "Since the mid-17th century, we have been dealing with the progressive decline of Krakow. It is associated with the fall of a country torn by internal conflicts. This poses a serious threat to neighboring countries - Russia, Prussia and Austria, which enter the border areas and take control over them. The Austrian government is established in Krakow. At that time, the city experienced a boom, became an important center of culture and art. the pouring out the Vistula. The most prominent president of this period was a man of German roots - Joseph Dietl. "

Krakow guides agree that foreign tourists are surprised by the multitude of inscriptions "Jude raus" on Krakow's walls. An unfamiliar foreign guide will explain it like this: "Even though several dozen years have passed since the end of the war, and the Jewish minority was practically exterminated by the Nazis with a passive or even favorable attitude of the local population, anti-Semitism is still very strong in Poland. the largest number of survivors from Krakow owed their lives to the German Oskar Schindler ".

Foreign trips, especially from Israel, are very surprised when they learn that the "Jude raus" signs on the streets of Krakow are a sign of a fight between the fans of the two teams. We explain that Cracovia was a club where many Jewish sportsmen played, hence the associations. We also say that the Jews settled in Kazimierz centuries ago, because King Casimir the Great created conditions for them to live when they were persecuted throughout Europe.

Questions about Polish anti-Semitism are on the agenda. The visitors do not ask if it exists, but how big it is! It is very important that a Polish guide talks about it in Krakow.

The university creates room for many manipulations, such as that Copernicus was German and Maria Skłodowska-Curie was French, who had to leave Krakow because she was not given a chair as a woman. When I ask about her person, trips abroad do not recognize her, they only react to the slogan: "Madame Curie".

What will a Western guide say? Maybe this: "German scientists have contributed immensely to the local academy, and the most prominent of them was Copernicus, the famous astronomer who revolutionized the idea of ​​\ u200b \ u200bthe universe."

No one, not even a foreign guide, will deny that Krakow is teeming with life today and is having a great time. Who do Poles owe it to? Foreign guide: "Poles regained their freedom after the fall of the Berlin Wall, earlier there were protests in East Germany and Hungary." For a foreign tourist, Poland is usually a terra incognita. They know almost nothing!